Comprehensive List of Archaic Pre-Finnic Lexemes Preserved in Finnish |
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attested beyond Saami-Fennic or phonologically of equal age (pronouns
and particles are excluded) |
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PAGE
PROVISIONALLY FINISHED (the distribution of the etyma are compiled from
scientifically non-uniform sources and subject to updates) |
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Last updated |
2008-04-19 |
ABBREVIATIONS USED ON THIS SITE |
BACK TO INTRO |
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Comments to: jouppe_[h2ed]welho[dot]com |
See also: |
RELATED WORDS IN FINNISH AND
HUNGARIAN, Glossary by Johanna Laakso |
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Finnish |
Meaning |
Rank on list of Swadesh |
Pre-Finnic < PFU < PU (all forms are reconstructed stems
unmarked with *xxx- ) |
Entry in Uralisches
Etymologisches Wörterbuch under.. |
Borrowing |
Saami |
Mordv. |
Chere-miss = Mari |
Permic |
Obugric |
Hung-arian |
Samo-yed |
ahta-a |
hang out/up to
dry, set a trap, net |
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akta < ëkta < ïktå |
akta |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
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x |
aja-a |
drive (ride,
travel, chase) |
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aja < åjå |
aja |
< PIA *aja- |
x |
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x |
? |
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ala |
under(-neath);
area; domain |
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ëla < ïlå < ïlå |
ala |
cf. turkish,
altaic, korean |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
amp-u-a |
shoot +strike,
sting |
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ampa |
amp3 |
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x |
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? |
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an-oppi |
mother-in-law |
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ëńa < ïńå < ïńå |
an3 (-pp3) |
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x |
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? |
? |
x |
anta-a |
give |
19 |
ëmta < ïmtå |
amta- |
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x |
x |
x |
x |
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x |
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appi |
father-in-law |
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ëppi < ïppi < ïppï |
appe |
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x |
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? |
|
x |
x |
? |
arv-o |
value |
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arva < årwå |
arwa |
< PIA *arghá- |
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? |
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x |
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ase-a, ase-ma |
set/put up, mount;
position, station |
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aśi < åśi |
aśe |
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x |
x |
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? |
|
? |
aske-l |
step |
|
aśki-li
< åśki-li / åśkå-li |
aśke-, aćke-(-l3) |
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x |
x |
x |
x |
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x |
ava-a |
open |
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ëŋa < ïŋå |
aŋa |
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x |
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? |
x |
? |
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eh-ti-ä |
have time to;
catch (in time) |
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eš-ti |
ešte |
< PreBlt/Slv
*ieh1hgw- > Lith.
jėgiù, jė̃gti 'be able, strong' ~ Latvian jẽgt
'grasp, understand' |
x |
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x |
x |
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elä-ä |
live |
26 |
elä < elä < elä |
elä |
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x |
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x |
x |
? |
x |
x |
emä |
she parent; main,
large, mother- |
26 |
emä < emä < emä |
emä |
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x |
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? |
x |
x |
enä |
large, multitude |
108 |
enä < enä / inä |
enä |
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x |
x |
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x |
x |
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esi, ete- |
fore-, in front,
ahead |
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edi < edi |
ede |
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x |
x |
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haapa ? (irreg.) |
aspen |
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šapa ? (irregular
corresp.) |
šapa |
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x |
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x |
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hapsi (Finnic alone irregular) |
hair |
48 |
ëpti < ïpti < ïptï |
apte |
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x |
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x |
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x |
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x |
hiha |
sleeve |
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iša |
iša |
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x |
x |
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hii-ri |
mouse |
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šiŋi-ri < šiŋi-ri |
šiŋe-re |
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? |
x |
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x |
x |
x |
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hi-o-a |
grind (polish) |
103 |
šiŋa |
šiŋa |
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x |
x |
x |
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huhma-r |
mortar (agr.) |
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šuma-ri |
šuma-re |
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x |
x |
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hui |
quill, bobbin |
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šoje |
šuje, šoje |
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x |
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x |
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hupa |
diminishing; nice |
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čupa < cupå |
čupa |
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x |
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x |
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hyypi-ö |
great horned owl;
crank, oddball |
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üpi < üpi |
(j)ip3 |
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x |
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x |
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hähnä |
multihued
woodpecker |
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śäśnä |
śäčnä, šäćnä |
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x |
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x |
x |
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ihme |
miracle, wonder |
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im-eš |
? |
< PIE
*ǵnh3-mV- |
x |
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ie-n /
ike-ne- |
gums |
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ikini < i/eki/äni |
ike-ńe |
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? |
x |
x |
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ikä |
age |
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ikä < ikä |
jikä |
< Blt/Slv *iēgā- > Lith.
-jėgà 'force, ability' ~ Latvian jẽga 'sense' |
x |
x |
x |
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x |
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ilma |
air |
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ilma < ilmå |
ilma |
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x |
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x |
x |
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ime-ä |
suck |
49 |
imi < imi < imi |
ime- |
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? |
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? |
x |
x |
x |
inhi-m-illinen |
human (>
ihminen 'human being') |
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inši- |
- |
< PIE *ģnh1-e/o- or
*ģnh1-ie/o- |
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isä |
father |
54 |
iśä < iśä |
ićä |
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x |
? |
? |
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x |
? |
? |
itse |
self |
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iići / ići < (i)iśi /
(i)ići |
iće, iśe |
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x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
? |
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jaka-a |
divide, distribute |
161 |
jëka |
jaka |
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x |
? |
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x |
? |
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jaksa-a |
be capable, have
enough strength to, manage, cope |
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jëksa |
jaksa, joksa |
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? |
? |
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x |
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jalka |
foot, leg |
46 |
jëlka < jïlkå |
jalka |
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x |
x |
x |
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? |
x |
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jauha-a |
grind, mill, mince |
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jaŋša / jëŋša |
jaŋša |
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x |
x |
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joki |
river |
153 |
juki / joki < jukå |
joke |
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x |
x |
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x |
x |
x |
? |
jousi |
bow |
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joŋsi < joŋsi < jïŋsï |
joŋ(k)s3 |
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x |
x |
x |
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x |
x |
x |
juma-la |
god |
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juma- |
juma |
< PIA
*diumān- *diumna- |
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x |
x |
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juo-da |
drink |
26 |
juxi < juxi / jïxi |
jughe (juke) |
< PIA
*ǵuǵh(e)u- |
x |
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x |
x |
x |
? |
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juuri |
root |
47 |
juri |
jure |
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x |
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jyvä |
grain, seed |
50 |
jüvä |
? |
<PreBaltic=Pre-I-Ir
*ieuo- |
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x |
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x |
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jälki |
trace, mark;
after- |
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jelkä < jelkä |
jälke |
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x |
x |
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jämä-htää, jäme-ä |
stiffen, stop
still; rigid, stiff |
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jämä |
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x |
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x |
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jänkä |
swamp, mire |
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jäŋkä < jäŋkä |
jäŋkä |
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x |
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x |
x |
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jänne, jänte- |
sinew, string |
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jänti < jänti < jänti |
jänte |
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x |
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x |
x |
x |
järvi |
lake |
121 |
jävri |
järwä |
< Blt./Slv. or
Baltic *jaura- |
x |
x |
x |
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jäse-n |
limb, member |
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jäsi < jäsi |
? |
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x |
x |
x |
? |
? |
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jä-ttää |
leave, release,
dismiss |
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jäxi- (+
derivational suffix -ttää) |
- |
< Early PI-A
*ǵeǵhē- |
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jäy-tää |
gnaw |
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jev-tä |
- |
< Early
Blt/Slv *ǵieu-ie- |
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jää |
ice |
135 |
jäŋi < jäŋi |
jäŋe |
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x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
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jääh-tyä |
(get) cool |
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jäkš- < jäkš- |
jäkš3 |
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x |
x |
x |
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x |
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kaha |
basket, container |
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kača < kača |
kača |
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? |
? |
x |
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? |
kah-d-eksan |
eight (numeral 8) |
? |
kakt(-i-)teksa-n |
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< PIr *detsa-
prefixed by kakti '2' (cf. kaksi) |
x |
x |
x |
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kaiva-a |
dig |
111 |
kajva- / ?kojva- |
? |
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x |
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x |
x |
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kaj-o |
dawn, shimmer |
18 |
kaja < kåjå |
? |
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x |
x |
x |
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? |
kaksi |
two (numeral 2) |
1 |
kakta < kektä < kektä |
kakta ~käktä |
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x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
kala |
fish |
74 |
kala < kålå < kålå |
kala |
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x |
x |
x |
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x |
x |
x |
kal-in |
sort of fishnet |
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kalama < kålåw |
kal3 |
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x |
x |
x |
? |
kal-ja |
(weak) bear |
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kali-ja / kali-ta |
- |
< PIE *h2eleuio / *h2el-u-(t) |
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kalki |
hair, down; straw |
148 |
kalki |
kalke |
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x |
x |
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kalma |
death; deceased |
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kal-ma < ? < kax-l- |
kalma |
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x |
x |
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? |
kalvas, kalp- |
pale |
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kalp- |
- |
< PIE *h2elbho- |
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kama-ra |
hard surface,
pigskin, shell |
126 |
kama < kåmå |
kama |
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x |
x |
? |
x |
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kansa |
people |
81 |
kansa |
kansa |
< Gmc.
*χansō- |
x |
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x |
x |
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kansi |
lid |
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komta |
komta |
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x |
x |
x |
x |
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kanta-a |
carry |
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kan-ta < kån-tå < kånï |
kanta |
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x |
x |
x |
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? |
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x |
kant-o |
stump |
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kënta < kïntå |
kanta |
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x |
x |
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x |
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kasa |
sharp point, edge |
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kaća |
- |
< PIE *h2ecieh2- |
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kaski |
burnt-over
clearing |
128 |
kaski / kaśki |
- |
< PIE/PreGmc.
*h2esg- |
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kasvaa |
to grow |
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kasva- |
? |
< PIE *h2eugs- (with
metathesis) |
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x |
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kat-o-aa |
disappear |
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kaďa < kåďå < kåďå |
kaďa |
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x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
kauka |
far away; long
(only in toponyms) |
99 |
kavka < kåwkå(?) |
kawka |
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x |
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x |
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kehrä |
distaff, trundle,
disc |
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ke(t)šträ |
kečrä |
< Pre-I-Ir
*ketstro- |
x |
x |
? |
?? |
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kehä |
circle, periphery |
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keččä |
kećä |
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x |
x |
x |
? |
? |
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keri |
bark, shell |
86 |
keri < keri /kerä |
kere |
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x |
x |
x |
? |
x |
x |
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keri |
ring, perimeter |
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keri < keri |
kere |
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? |
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x |
? |
x |
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ker-o |
maw, throat |
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ker- |
ker3 |
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x |
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? |
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kerta |
time (occasion),
turn, once; layer |
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kertä- |
kerta |
< Baltic *kerdā or PreGmc *kerdhā > *χerđā |
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x |
x |
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kerä |
clew |
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kerä < kerä |
kerä |
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x |
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? |
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kesi |
thin skin, foil |
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keďi? |
keďe? |
or? < *kenti
<= IE *skento > PN *skinþa 'skin' |
x |
x |
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? |
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keski |
center, central |
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keski |
keske |
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x |
x |
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? |
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kesä |
summer |
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kesä |
kesä |
< PIE *h1es-en- |
x |
x |
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kieli |
tongue |
14 |
keeli < keeli < käxli |
kele |
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? |
x |
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x |
? |
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x |
kire-ä |
tight |
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kir- |
kir3 |
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x |
x |
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? |
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kir-o-ta |
damn, put a spell;
swear |
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kira < kirå |
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x |
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? |
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kisk-o-a |
pull, tear off,
pluck |
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kiśka |
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x |
? |
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x |
? |
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kitke-ä |
tear up, weed |
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kički (-a) |
kička (-e) |
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? |
x |
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kit-u-a |
languish, pine |
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kiči < kici / keci |
kič3 |
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? |
? |
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kivi |
stone |
140 |
kivi < kiwi |
kiwe |
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x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
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koi |
moth |
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koji |
koje |
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x |
? |
? |
? |
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koi-ttaa |
dawn, dawning |
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koji < koji |
koje |
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x |
x |
? |
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koi-ra-s |
male |
60 |
koji < koji |
koj(e)-ra |
|
x |
|
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x |
x |
x |
? |
koiv-u |
birch |
|
kojvV < kojwV < koxjï |
kojwa |
|
? |
x |
x |
|
x |
? |
x |
koke-a |
perceive, sense |
|
koki- < ? < ?kVxï- |
koke |
< PIE *h3eq-ie/o |
x |
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? |
kolm-as |
third |
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kolm-anti |
|
|
x |
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x |
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kolme |
three |
1 |
kolmi < kolmi |
kolme (kulme) |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
kone |
machine; magical
cure; trick, cunning; strange |
|
kon-eš |
|
< PreGmc
*gn(H)io- after kentumization |
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korta-ta |
scorche, burn;
entreat etc. |
|
korta |
korta |
< ie? |
x |
x |
x |
|
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korva |
ear |
34 |
kov-ra < kåwi < kåwï |
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? |
|
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x |
koske-a |
touch |
|
koski |
koske |
|
x |
|
?? |
? |
|
|
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koski |
rapids |
|
kośki < kośki < kośkï |
kośke |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
|
x |
koti, kota |
dwelling, home,
house |
|
kota < kotå |
kota |
cf. iranian,
turkish, altaic, ainu |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
kotka |
eagle |
|
kočka |
kočka |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
|
|
kulke-a |
go, wander, move |
186 |
kulki < kulki |
kulke- |
ie<*kwelH-e/o- |
x |
x |
|
x |
x |
x |
? |
kulma |
eyebrow; edge,
angle |
|
kulma |
|
|
|
|
|
? |
x |
? |
? |
kulta-a |
grope (in
liquids), fish out |
|
kulta < kultå |
kulta |
|
x |
|
|
|
? |
|
? |
kul-u-a |
be consumed,
lapse, expire |
|
kuli < kuli |
kul3 |
|
x |
|
|
x |
x |
? |
|
kuma-ra |
bent, bowed |
|
kuma-ra (see kum-o) |
kuma |
|
|
x |
x |
|
|
? |
|
kum-o |
vault, hood;
overturn, topple |
|
kuma < kumå < kumå |
kuma |
cf. yukagir,
altaic, mantšu,
tung, burj; IE |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
? |
kumm-u-ta, kump- |
well, gush, surge;
stem; foam |
|
kompa < kompå < kompå |
kumpa |
|
? |
x |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
kum-uri |
small cloud,
shower |
|
kuma < kumålå |
kum3 |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
x |
x |
|
kunta |
community,
cong-regation, society |
|
kunta < kuntå |
kunta |
|
x |
? |
|
|
x |
x |
|
kuol-la |
die |
23 |
kooli < kooli < kåx-li |
kola- |
|
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
kuori |
casing, shell |
|
koore < kora |
|
|
? |
x |
|
? |
? |
|
? |
kura-s
'veitsi' |
striking weapon,
knife |
|
kura < kurå < kurå |
kur3 |
ie? |
x |
|
|
|
|
|
x |
kusi |
piss, urine |
|
kunśi < kunśi < kunśï |
kuńće~kuće |
|
x |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
kusi-ainen |
ant |
|
kunśi- < kunśi- |
kuńće~*kuće |
|
|
|
|
x |
? |
x |
|
kute-a |
spawn |
|
kuďi < kuďi |
kuďe |
|
x |
|
|
x |
x |
|
|
kut-o-a |
knit, weave |
|
kuda |
kuda |
< h2udheh2-ie/o- |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
|
|
kuts-u-a |
call |
|
kući |
kuć3 |
< PreGmc *gwet-i or
Blt/Slv *kuaiti- |
x |
|
|
|
? |
|
|
kuu |
month (moon) |
x |
kuxi / kuŋi < kuxi < kïxï |
kuŋe |
|
? |
x |
|
|
x |
x |
x |
kuu |
grease, tallow,
fat |
181 |
kuji < kuji |
kuje |
|
|
x |
x |
x |
|
x |
|
kuul-la |
hear |
65 |
kuuli < kuuli |
kule- |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
? |
|
kuunne-l-la, kuunte-le- |
listen |
|
kunta < kuntå |
? |
|
x |
x |
|
|
x |
x |
|
kuusa-ma |
honeysuckle,
woodbine, spindletree |
|
kusa |
kusa |
|
|
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
kuusi |
spruce fir |
|
koosi < koosi < kåxsï |
kuse, kose |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
x |
kuusi |
six '6' |
|
ku/uutt/ti < ku/o/uutt/ti |
kutte |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
kylmä |
cold |
159 |
külmä / külmi |
kilmä, külmä |
<
Balt.*gel-u-má or PreBlt/Slv *gwel(h1)-mo- |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
|
|
kynsi |
nail |
|
künči < künci |
kinče (künče) |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
? |
kypsä |
ripe |
? |
küpti- / kepti- |
kipśe (-ä) |
< Balt.
*kep-tá or PreBlt/Slv *kwep-tó |
x |
x |
|
? |
|
|
|
kys-y-ä |
ask |
|
küśi |
küśe |
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
|
|
kyte-ä |
smoulder, smold |
|
küči < küci |
kiče |
|
? |
|
|
|
x |
|
|
kytke-ä |
connect, tie up,
attach |
|
kütki < kütki |
kitke |
|
|
|
|
x |
? |
? |
|
kyy |
(common) viper,
adder |
121 |
küji < küji |
kije (küje) |
|
|
x |
? |
x |
|
x |
? |
kyyne-l |
tear |
|
küńili < küńili < kuŋïlï |
kińe(-l3), küńe(-l3) |
|
x |
|
|
x |
|
x |
x |
kyynä-r(ä) |
forearm; cubit,
ell; elbow |
|
küńärä < küńärä |
kińä (küńä) |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
käl-y |
sister of spouse,
wife of brother |
|
käläw < käläw < käläw |
???? |
cf. ie *glō |
x |
x |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
kärki |
black woodpecker |
|
kärki |
kärke |
|
|
x |
x |
? |
|
|
|
kärsi-ä |
suffer, endure |
|
kärti |
kärte |
< Pre-Gmc
*kart-i- > *χarþia- |
x |
x |
x |
|
|
|
|
käsi |
hand |
91 |
käti < käti |
käte |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
köysi, köyt- |
rope |
190 |
kevdi / kävdi < käwdi |
|
|
x |
|
x |
x |
x |
|
|
lansi |
lowland, low |
|
*lonta/*lomta (*/lëmti-/ */lënti/)? |
<PIE/PreGmc.
*londho-/lomdho- |
? |
? |
? |
x |
|
|
? |
lehti |
leaf, sheet |
115 |
lešti |
lešte |
< PIE/PreG *bhl(e)h1-tó or < Baltic *lakštas |
x |
|
x |
|
|
|
|
lie- |
may be, may become |
|
le- |
le- |
|
x |
? |
x |
x |
|
x |
|
liemi |
broth, soup |
|
leemi < leemi |
leme |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
lisä |
increse, more |
|
lisä |
lisä |
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
|
|
loma |
gap, chink,
inter-mediate space/ time, interval |
|
loma |
loma |
< baltic |
x |
x |
? |
|
|
|
|
luke-a |
count, read |
177 |
luki / luka < luki |
luke- |
cf. certainly
false comparison IE leg-/log- |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
? |
|
lumi |
snow |
45 |
lumi < lumi < lomï |
|
|
? |
x |
x |
x |
|
? |
x |
lum-o-ta |
bewitch, enchant,
conjure |
|
luma |
luma |
< gmc? |
x |
? |
x |
|
|
|
|
luo-da |
create, shed,
moult, cast, shovel |
|
loŋe |
loŋe |
|
x |
? |
x |
? |
? |
? |
|
lupp-o |
beard lichen
(hanging moss) |
|
luppa |
luppa |
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
|
|
luu |
bone |
68 |
luxi < luxi < lïxï |
luwe |
|
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
x |
lykä-tä,
lykkä- |
poke, push,
postpone |
|
lükkä < lükkä |
likkä |
|
|
|
|
|
x |
x |
|
lyö-dä |
beat, hit, strike |
192 |
lexi < lexi |
lewe- |
|
|
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
lähte-ä |
leave (depart), go
away |
|
läkti |
läkte |
|
x |
? |
x |
x |
? |
|
|
löyl-y |
sauna steambath;
(eston.) spirit, life |
|
levli < lewli |
lewl3 |
|
? |
|
|
x |
x |
x |
|
maa |
earth, land, soil |
92 |
mëxi < mïxi |
mage |
? |
|
|
x |
x |
x |
|
? |
mahda-ta, mahta- |
may, should;
boast, be mighty |
|
maš-ta |
mašta |
<= Early Gmc
*magan |
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
|
maja-va |
beaver |
|
majaka |
maja |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
|
|
|
maksa |
liver |
135 |
mëksa < mïkså < mïkså |
maksa |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
maksa-a |
pay |
? |
maksa < måkså- |
? |
< PIr
*ma(n)dza |
x |
x |
|
|
|
|
|
marja |
berry |
|
marja < mårjå |
?marja? |
|
x |
x |
x |
|
x |
|
|
marra-s |
bound to die,
dead, etc. |
? |
marta-s |
|
<= PI-Ir
*mrtá-s |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
mehi-läinen |
(honey)bee |
|
mekši < mekši |
mekše |
<= Early PI-Ir
mekši- |
|
x |
x |
x |
|
x |
|
mela |
paddle |
|
melä |
melä |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
|
|
|
men-nä, mene- |
go |
|
meni < meni < meni |
mene |
|
x |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
mesi, mete- |
honey |
|
meti < meti |
mete |
<= Early PI-Ir
*medhu |
|
x |
? |
x |
|
x |
|
mieli |
mind |
172 |
meeli |
mele (meele) |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
|
|
|
miniä |
daughter in/of law |
|
mińä < mińä < mińä |
mińä |
|
x |
|
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
moni |
many |
127 |
moni? |
? |
cf. PIE *mon(e)gh- |
|
|
|
x |
? |
? |
|
muna |
egg, penis,
testicle |
23 |
muna < munå < munå |
muna |
|
x |
x |
x |
|
x |
x |
x |
muu |
else, other |
128 |
mu- |
mu |
|
x |
|
? |
x |
x |
x |
|
muura-in |
cloudberry |
|
mura < murå < murå |
mura |
|
|
|
|
? |
x |
|
x |
mykkä |
dumb |
? |
mükkä |
|
|
x |
|
? |
x |
|
|
|
myre-ä |
ill-humoured;
sour; gloomy |
|
mürä |
|
|
|
|
|
x |
|
|
|
myy-dä |
to sell, to give |
|
me/äxi <
me/äxi < me/äxi |
mige |
< =PIE *h2mei(H)- |
x |
x |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
myö- |
with (after,
behind) |
|
müŋä < müŋä |
miŋä, müŋä |
|
x |
x |
x |
? |
|
x |
|
nahke-a |
tacky |
|
ńëčkV |
ńačk3 |
|
x |
x |
x |
? |
? |
|
|
nai-nen |
woman |
63 |
näxi < näxi < näxi |
naje? |
<= PIE *gwneh2- |
? |
x |
x |
|
? |
x |
x |
nat-o |
sister-in-law
(sister of husband) |
|
nativ < nåtiw < nåtiw |
nat3 |
|
x |
|
x |
|
|
|
x |
neljä |
four |
1 |
ńeljä < ńeljä |
ńeljä (neljä) |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
niel-lä |
swallow |
|
ńeeli < ńeeli < ńäxli- |
ńele-, ńeele- |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
? |
niini |
bast |
86 |
ńiini |
n(´)ine |
|
|
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
nila |
bast, inner bark,
phloem |
|
ńila < ńilå |
ńile |
|
x |
x |
? |
x |
x |
|
? |
nimi |
name |
9 |
nimi < nimi < nimi |
nime |
< PIE
*(H)nmen- |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
nit-o-a |
stitch, staple |
|
ńid(´)a / ńid(´)-ä |
ńid(´)a (-ä) |
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
|
|
noita |
witch, sorcerer,
seer, shaman |
|
nojta |
nojta |
|
x |
|
|
|
x |
|
|
nolki |
phlegm, slime,
slaver, saliva |
|
nolki < nolki |
ńolke |
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
x |
|
nou-taa |
retieve, collect,
pick up, fetch |
|
ńox-ta < ńoxi < ńoxi |
|
|
x |
|
|
|
x |
|
x |
nuol-la |
lick |
|
ńooli < ńooli < ńåx-(lï) |
ńole-, ńoole- |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
nuoli |
arrow |
|
ńooli < ńooli < ńïxlï |
ńole, ńoole |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
nurmi |
grass, green (n.) |
146 |
ńurmi < ńurmi |
ńurme |
|
x |
|
|
|
x |
|
|
nyde, nyt-eh- |
prop |
|
nüčä |
? |
|
|
x |
|
? |
? |
|
? |
nyhtä-ä |
pluck, rip,
harvest linen |
|
ńüktä |
ńüktä |
|
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
|
nysi |
handle, grip |
|
nüdi < nüdi < nüdi |
nide (nüde) |
|
x |
x |
|
|
x |
x |
x |
näh-dä, näke- |
see |
71 |
näki < näki |
näke- |
|
x |
x |
|
|
? |
x |
|
oiva |
excellent, full of
insight, splendid |
|
ojva < ojwå < ojwå |
ojwa |
|
x |
? |
x |
|
? |
|
x |
oksa |
branch |
|
oksa |
oksa |
|
x |
|
x |
? |
|
|
|
okse-ntaa |
vomit |
135 |
oksi |
oksa (-e) |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
? |
|
|
ol-la, ole- |
be |
|
voli < w/o-li- < w/o- |
wole |
|
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
? |
olka |
shoulder |
|
volka < wolkå |
wolka |
|
x |
|
|
|
? |
x |
|
oma |
own (see ol-la) |
|
oma < o-må (< w/o-) |
oma |
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
x |
|
onka-lo |
cavity, ravine |
|
voŋki < woŋki |
woŋke |
|
x |
|
|
|
x |
|
? |
onki |
fish hook |
? |
onki |
? |
< PreGmc.
*onk(')o- |
|
|
x |
|
|
|
|
onsi |
cavity |
|
omti < omti |
omte |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
x |
x |
|
onte-lo |
cavity |
|
oŋti < oŋti |
oŋte |
|
x |
|
|
|
x |
|
|
ora |
thorn, prickle,
awl |
|
ora < orå |
ora |
PI-Ir
*ārā |
x |
x |
|
|
|
x |
|
orava |
sqirrel |
|
ora |
|
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
|
? |
orja |
slave |
|
(v)orja- |
|
< PI-A *arí-
'alien (> host)' or PIE *uorǵó- 'worker' |
? |
x |
|
? |
|
|
|
orp-o |
orphan |
|
orpa < orpå |
orpa (-s3) |
< PIA or PIr
*arbha-s |
x |
x |
|
|
x |
x |
|
osa |
part, share |
|
ośa < ośå |
?? |
< PI-A
*anća- |
? |
|
? |
|
|
x |
|
os-taa |
buy |
? |
vosa < wo/ïsa |
wosa |
< PIE
*uosā < *uoseh2 |
x |
|
x |
x |
x |
|
|
ota |
spear |
|
oŋta < ?o/uŋtå |
|
|
|
|
? |
|
? |
|
|
ota-va |
weir; charles's
wain, the big dipper, the plough |
|
voča < wocå < wocå |
woča |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
otsa |
forehead |
|
onćća- |
ońća |
< Paleo-Gmc.
*antjo- |
|
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
ovi |
door |
|
ovi < owi < ? |
owe |
|
|
|
? |
|
x |
|
x |
paarma |
gadfly, horsefly |
|
parma |
parma |
|
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
|
paj-u |
willow |
|
pajiv < påjiw |
paj3 |
|
x |
|
|
x |
|
x |
|
pala (suu-) |
bit |
|
pala < pålå < pålå |
pala |
|
x |
x |
|
|
x |
x |
x |
pala-a |
burn, freeze |
123 |
pala < (påľå) |
paľa |
|
x |
x |
|
|
x |
x |
|
palva-ta |
cure, smoke |
|
palva < pålwå |
|
|
|
|
|
|
x |
x |
|
pan-na, pane- |
put, have sexual
intercourse (m.) |
|
pëni < pïni < pïnï |
pane |
|
|
? |
|
x |
? |
|
x |
para(s) |
best (< good) |
156 |
përa |
para |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
|
|
paska |
shit |
|
pućka (paćka) |
pućka (paćka) |
|
x |
x |
x |
|
x |
x |
|
pata |
pot |
|
pata < påtå |
pata |
|
? |
|
x |
|
x |
x |
|
pat-o |
barrage, dam |
|
pada < på/ïdå |
pad3 |
|
x |
|
|
|
? |
x |
|
pelätä,
pel-kä- |
fear, be afraid |
108 |
peli < peli < peli |
pele- |
or < PIE pelh1- |
x |
x |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
peni |
dog; pup, whelp |
60 |
penä |
|
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
|
|
perä |
rear |
|
perä |
perä |
|
|
x |
|
x |
? |
? |
? |
pes-tä, pese- |
wash |
168 |
pesi |
|
< Paleo-Gmc bhes- |
x |
x |
|
|
|
|
|
pesä |
nest |
|
pesä < pesä < pesä |
pesä |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
petä-jä |
pine |
|
pečä |
pe(n)čä |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
|
|
peuka-lo < *pelkä-lo |
thumb |
|
pelkä<
pelkä< pexli-kä |
|
|
x |
x |
|
x |
|
|
|
pies-tä,
pieks- |
beat, flog; whisk;
soften; mix |
192 |
peksä |
peksä |
|
|
x |
|
x |
|
|
? |
pieli |
frame, edging,
sidepole, stake |
|
peeli < peeli < pexli |
|
|
? |
x |
? |
? |
|
x |
x |
piha |
court-yard |
|
pičča |
piča |
|
|
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
pihla-ja |
rowan |
|
piśla |
pićla |
|
|
x |
x |
x |
? |
? |
|
pihti |
gripper, tongs |
|
pišti |
pište |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
|
|
|
pii |
spike, barb,
tooth, spine; silicon? |
30 |
piŋi < piŋi |
piŋe |
|
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
? |
pilvi |
cloud |
157 |
pilvi < pilwi |
pilwe (pilŋe) |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
pime-ä |
dark |
|
pilmi-tä <
pilmi-tä < pilmi-tä |
piľme |
|
|
|
|
x |
|
|
x |
pinne, pinte- |
clamp, clip |
|
pintä < pintä |
|
|
|
|
|
x |
x |
x |
|
pire-ä |
brisk, fresh,
nimble |
|
piri |
pir3 |
|
x |
|
|
x |
|
|
|
pis-tää |
stick, fix, erect,
put |
198 |
pisi |
pise-tä |
|
x |
|
x |
|
|
|
|
pite-(mpi) |
long-(er) |
39 |
pidi < pidi < pidi |
pide |
|
|
x |
? |
? |
|
x |
x |
pitä-ä |
hold |
135 |
pitä < pitä |
pitä |
|
? |
x |
? |
|
? |
? |
|
piv-o |
palm, hand, fist |
91 |
piŋi < piŋi < piŋi |
piŋe |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
x |
poika |
boy |
|
poji < poji |
pojka |
|
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
pol-ttaa |
burn, freeze |
|
pala-tta- |
paľa |
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
|
|
polvi |
knee |
|
po(o)lvi < pooli < po/uxlï |
polwe |
|
x |
x |
x |
|
|
|
x |
ponsi, ponte- |
grip, knob; pep,
weight, vigour, sturdiness |
|
ponti |
ponte |
|
|
x |
x |
x |
|
|
|
porsas |
(little) pig,
piglet' |
|
porćas |
porśa- |
< Blt/Slv
*parśas, PreIA *porśos or PIE *porḱos |
|
x |
|
x |
|
|
|
poski |
chin |
|
poski < poski < puskï |
poske |
|
|
|
|
|
? |
|
x |
potka |
shank |
? |
počka < ponči-ka |
|
|
x |
|
x |
|
|
|
|
povi |
bosom |
|
poŋi |
poŋe |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
? |
|
|
puhde, puhte- |
dawn, daybreak;
dusk, twilight |
|
pukta |
pukta |
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
|
|
puhuu |
speak |
|
puša < pušå |
puš3 |
|
x |
|
|
? |
? |
? |
|
puna |
red (< 'hair;
color') |
77 |
puna < pu/ånå |
puna |
|
|
x |
x |
|
x |
x |
? |
pun-o-o |
plait, twine, spin |
|
puna < punå < punå/ï |
puna- |
< PIE pnH-e/o-
~*spenH- |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
puna |
kink, twirl, twine |
|
puńi < puńi |
puńa |
|
x |
|
|
? |
x |
? |
|
puola |
(cow)berry |
|
pola < polå |
pola |
|
|
|
|
x |
x |
? |
|
pura |
borer, awl |
|
pura < purå < purå |
pura |
< PIE bhr(H)- |
? |
|
|
? |
x |
x |
x |
pur-ra |
bite |
171 |
puri < puri < pori |
pure |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
? |
purk-u |
whirling snow |
|
purki < purki |
|
|
x |
? |
x |
? |
x |
|
? |
purn-u |
bin |
|
porńi |
porńe |
|
x |
|
? |
x |
|
|
|
puse-rtaa |
squeeze, press |
199 |
puśa < puśå |
puć3-r3- |
|
x |
|
|
x |
x |
? |
|
puske-a |
butt, bump, thrust |
|
puski < puski |
puske |
|
x |
|
? |
|
x |
|
|
putki |
umbelliferous
plant; tube, pipe |
|
pučki < pucki < puckï |
pućke |
|
x |
x |
x |
|
|
|
x |
puu |
tree |
104 |
puxi < puxi < pu/oxi, päxi |
puwe |
|
|
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
pys-y-ä |
remain |
|
pisi |
pise |
|
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
|
pyy |
hazel-grouse |
|
püŋi < püŋi |
piŋe (püŋe) |
|
x |
x |
|
|
x |
x |
? |
pähkinä |
(hazel-) nut |
|
päški |
päšk3 |
|
|
x |
x |
x |
|
|
|
päivä |
day |
34 |
päjvä < päjwä < päjwä |
|
|
x |
|
|
? |
|
|
x |
pää |
head |
95 |
päŋi < päŋi |
päŋe |
|
|
x |
|
x |
x |
x |
? |
reht-o |
row, line; side;
stratum |
? |
reštV |
|
< PreG *h2rh1-to-/-teh2- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
rep-o |
fox |
|
repä |
repä (-ćä) |
? < PI-Ir reupōśo |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
? |
|
rita ? (irreg.) |
|
|
rita ?
(irregular corresp.) |
? |
< gmc? |
? |
|
x |
? |
|
|
|
rohto |
medical plant,
green herb |
|
roštV |
|
< PreG *ghroH-tu-/-to-(n-) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
räppänä |
vent |
|
räppä |
räppä |
|
x |
|
|
x |
|
|
|
saa-da |
get, receive,
aqcuire, achieve |
|
sëxi |
? |
? < Pre I-Ir
*seģh- |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
|
? |
saa-tta-a |
lead, escort;
could, be able |
|
sëxi-kta |
sage-kta |
|
|
x |
x |
x |
|
|
|
saivar? (irreg.) |
nit, egg of louse |
|
śajra/śir (irreg. corresp.) |
śaj8r3 |
cf. Turkish >
Hungarian |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
|
|
sake-a |
dense, viscous,
muddy |
|
sëkitä |
|
|
x |
|
? |
x |
|
|
|
sala |
hidden, secret,
occult, stealth |
|
sala < sålå < sålå |
sala |
|
x |
x |
x |
|
x |
|
x |
salko |
long thin pole |
|
śëlka < śïlkå |
sálk3 |
??< Late PIE
*ģhalgha- |
x |
x |
|
x |
x |
?? |
|
sammas, sampa(h)- |
statue, column
(myth. upholding the firmament) |
|
sampa-s |
|
< PI-A
*stambhas |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
sappi |
bile, gall |
|
säppä < säppä |
säppä |
|
x |
x |
? |
x |
x |
x |
|
sarka |
parcel, lot; strip |
|
sarka < sårkå < sårkå |
|
|
x |
|
|
|
|
|
x |
sarvi |
horn |
|
śorva < śorwå |
śorwa |
<
PI-A*śrva or < Pir
*śraw-/*śårw- |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
sata |
hundred |
|
śata / śëta < śåtå /
śïtå |
śata |
< PI-Ir
*ćata- / PIA śatá- |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
sata-a |
rain |
155 |
śada < śådå < śådå |
|
< PIE
*ḱad- 'fall' |
x |
|
|
|
|
|
x |
sauva |
staff, stave,
stick |
193 |
savŋa |
sawŋa |
|
x |
|
|
|
x |
|
|
sav-u |
smoke |
40 |
savi |
sawe |
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
|
|
seisoa |
stand |
38 |
śanśa < śånśå |
saŋća |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
|
seitsemä-n |
seven |
|
śe(e)ś/ćVmi |
śeŋ´ćemä |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
|
|
selkä |
back (anatom.) |
146 |
śelkä |
śelkä |
|
x |
|
x |
|
|
|
|
seppä |
blacksmith |
|
śeppä < śeppä |
|
|
x |
|
|
|
|
x |
|
sepä |
collar; neck |
112 |
śepä < śepä |
śepä |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
|
setä |
uncle |
|
č/śečä < cecä < cecä |
ćečä |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
x |
sieni |
mushroom, fungus |
|
śänä < śe/änä |
ś8ne |
|
x |
|
x |
x |
x |
|
|
sii-(hirsi) |
eaves beam |
|
č/śiŋi |
śiŋe |
or ??< Balt
*sija |
x |
|
|
? |
? |
|
? |
siili |
hedgehog |
|
śijili < śijili |
śije-le |
|
|
x |
x |
|
x |
x |
|
silmä |
eye |
21 |
śilmä < śilmä < śilmä |
śilmä |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
sisi-(lisko) |
lizard |
|
cinśi < conśi < conśï |
|
|
x |
|
x |
x |
x |
|
x |
soi-da |
ring, clang,
resound |
165 |
śoji |
śoje |
|
x |
|
? |
|
x |
? |
|
solki |
buckle; wedge of
fabric |
|
śolk-(ama) |
śolke |
< PIE
*ḱolh2ó- |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
|
|
solmu |
knot |
76 |
śolmi < śolmi |
ćolme |
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
x |
|
sonsa-r?(irreg.) |
flea; louse |
|
?ćonča < ?ćonča |
ćonča |
|
|
x |
x |
|
x |
|
|
sora |
gravel |
? |
ś/ćora |
|
< PIE
*ḱoro- |
|
x |
|
|
|
|
|
sormi |
finger |
|
sormi |
sorme |
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
? |
|
sota |
war (damn,
conjure) |
|
śoda |
śota (-d(´)a) |
|
? |
x |
x |
|
|
|
|
sotka |
pochard, scaup |
|
śodka < śo/ïdk/ďkå |
śodka |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
|
sou-ta-a |
(to) row |
|
suxi < suxi < suxi |
suge- |
ie < *suH-e
(OInd. suváti, Gr. eãn) |
x |
|
x |
x |
x |
? |
x |
suka |
(horse)comb,
bristle, prickle; (horse)hair (awn, husk, chaff, bran) |
|
śuka |
śuka |
< PI-Ir
*śūka- |
x |
? |
? |
? |
|
|
|
suksi |
ski |
|
suksi < suksi < suksï |
sukse |
|
|
x |
|
|
x |
|
x |
sula-a |
melt |
|
sula < sulå |
sula- |
|
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
sum-u |
fog |
82 |
sumi |
sume |
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
|
|
suo-da |
allow, grant, hope |
|
suxi |
|
ie < *suH-e
(OInd. suváti, Gr. eãn) |
x |
|
|
? |
|
|
|
suoja |
shelter,
protection |
|
soja/saja |
|
< I-Ir
sāya |
x |
|
? |
x |
|
|
|
suola |
salt |
23 |
sala/sola |
|
< Blt/slv. *sālas / *sal- |
|
x |
|
x |
|
|
|
suoli |
intestine, gut |
185 |
śola < śolå |
śola |
< PIE
*ḱolo- or PreIA *ćōlā- |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
|
suol-ta-a? |
disentangle, sort,
separate etc. |
|
?ćelta, ?ćoolta |
ćelta, ćoolta |
|
x |
|
|
x |
|
|
|
Suomi |
Finland (Finl.
proper province) |
|
?ćoma- |
|
?< PIE *(dh)ģhmōn- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
suom-u |
scale |
|
śoomi < śïïmï |
śeme, śoome |
|
x |
? |
x |
x |
x |
|
? |
suoni |
blood vessel,
sinew |
|
sooni < sïïnï < sïHnï- |
se,ne, sone |
< PIE *sHi-nu- |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
? |
sur-ma |
slaying, killing,
(violent) death |
144 |
śuri |
śure |
|
|
|
|
|
x |
|
|
susi,
su(n)te- |
wolf |
? |
śunti- / *ćunti- |
|
< PreG/PIE
*ḱun-to- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
suu |
mouth |
142 |
śuxi < śuxi < śoxi |
śuwe |
|
? |
|
x |
? |
x |
x |
x |
suvi |
summer |
|
suŋi < suŋi < suŋï |
suŋe |
|
x |
|
|
|
x |
|
x |
sydän |
heart |
26 |
südämi < śüdämi/śedmi |
śi/üdä(-m3) |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
? |
syks-y |
autumn |
|
śükśi < śükśi |
sikśe (sükśe) |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
syli |
lap, fathom |
|
süli < süli < süli |
sile, süle |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
? |
sylki |
saliva |
44 |
sülki < śülk/ďki |
śiľke, śüľke |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
|
syn-t-yä |
to be born |
? |
sen-t- |
? |
< Early PIr.
dzen(h)- |
|
|
|
x |
|
? |
|
sysi, syte- |
(char)coal |
|
śüdi < śüdi < śüďi |
śiďe, śüďe |
|
x |
x |
x |
|
x |
|
x |
sysä-tä |
push, shove,
impulse |
|
süskä |
süskä (-e) |
|
x |
|
x |
|
|
|
|
syvä |
deep |
|
tivä |
|
|
x |
|
? |
|
|
|
|
syy |
cause; fibre |
|
süxi < süxi < süxi |
sije |
|
|
|
x |
x |
|
|
? |
syylä |
wart, nipple |
|
śüklä < śüklä |
|
|
x |
x |
x |
|
|
? |
|
syö-dä |
eat |
66 |
sevi < sewi |
sewe- (sege-) |
< Early PIr
*dziewie- |
|
x |
|
? |
x |
x |
|
säk-i-ä |
rookie, wels |
|
śäkä < śäkä |
śäkä |
|
|
x |
x |
|
x |
|
|
säle |
lath |
|
śälä < śälä |
śälä |
|
x |
|
x |
x |
? |
x |
|
säl-y-ttää |
load |
|
sälä < sälä |
säle |
|
|
|
|
? |
x |
? |
? |
sänki |
stubble |
|
śäŋki < śäŋki |
|
|
x |
? |
|
x |
x |
x |
|
särki |
roach |
|
särkä |
särkä |
|
|
x |
x |
|
? |
|
|
säyn-e |
ide (leuciscus
idus) |
|
sävni < säwni |
säwnä |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
|
x |
|
sää |
weather |
|
säŋi < säŋi |
|
|
|
|
|
? |
|
x |
|
sääksi |
osprey |
|
śäkśi < śä/e/åkśi |
śäkće |
|
x |
|
|
x |
x |
? |
|
sääri |
leg |
|
ćäji-ri |
ćäje-re |
|
|
x |
|
x |
|
|
|
sääski |
gnat, mosquito |
|
śäśki |
śäśke |
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
|
|
taarna |
Carex, Cladium
Mariscus |
|
tarna |
|
< PI-Ir, PIA
or PIr *trná- 'grass' |
|
|
|
x |
|
|
|
tahko |
grindstone |
|
tašk- |
tašk3 |
|
|
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
talas (tal-o) |
scaffold (house,
shed) |
|
tala < tålå |
|
< PI-A *tala-s
'base, platform' or Paleo-Gmc *stāla-s 'scaffold' or Gmc *stalla-z 'scaffold' or ?Baltic |
|
|
|
? |
? |
|
|
talvi |
winter |
|
tälvä < tälwä |
tälwä |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
tammi |
oak |
|
toma |
toma |
|
|
x |
x |
? |
|
|
|
tau-o-ta,
tauk- |
pause, cease |
|
tëwka |
|
|
x |
|
|
x |
|
|
|
teh-dä, teke- |
do, make |
|
teki < teki < teki |
teke |
< PIE *dheh1- 'put,
place, do, make' |
x |
x |
|
|
x |
x |
|
terä |
'blade, cutter,
cutting edge, knife' |
86 |
terä |
terä |
|
? |
|
x |
x |
|
? |
x |
tohti-a |
dare |
|
toš-ti |
tošte |
ie < dhrs-
OInd dhrsnṓti |
x |
|
x |
|
|
|
|
tora |
quarrel |
191 |
tora < torå < torå |
tor3 |
|
x |
? |
x |
|
|
? |
x |
tosi, tote- |
true, earnest;
obey; ~> get accustomed to |
? |
tomti- |
- |
< PIE
*t'mħ-tó- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
touko |
sowing, spring |
|
tovki < towki |
towk3 |
|
|
? |
|
? |
x |
x |
|
tuhma |
mean, dum |
? |
tušma |
|
|
x |
|
|
x |
|
|
|
tukka |
hair |
|
čukka |
|
|
|
|
x |
x |
|
? |
|
tul-la, tule- |
come |
85 |
tuli < tuli < toli |
tule |
|
? |
|
x |
|
|
? |
? |
tuli |
fire |
82 |
tuli < tuli < tulï |
tule |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
|
x |
tuma |
nucleus |
|
tuŋa |
tuŋa |
|
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
|
tunke-a,
tunke- |
push, cram, pack |
|
čuŋki |
|
|
x |
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
tunke-a,
tunke- |
push, cram, pack |
|
tuŋki < tuŋki |
tuŋke |
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
? |
|
tuntea,
tunte- |
feel |
|
tunti < tunti < tumtï |
tumte |
|
x |
|
|
x |
|
x |
x |
tuo-da |
bring |
|
toxi < toxi |
toge |
< PIE *deh3- |
x |
x |
|
|
x |
? |
? |
tuomi |
bird-cherry |
|
ďoomi < ďïïmï < ďïxmï |
ďeme, ďome, ďoome |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
x |
turpa |
muzzle, mouth |
30 |
turpa |
turpa |
|
|
x |
x |
x |
? |
|
|
tutka-in, (tutki-a) |
point, strobe;
(examine) |
|
tuďka < tuďkå |
tuďka |
|
? |
|
|
x |
x |
? |
|
tuuli |
wind |
30 |
tuuli
tuxli |
|
< PIE * dhuH-li |
|
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
tymä |
glue |
|
ďümä < ďümä < ďümä |
ďimä, ďümä |
|
x |
|
x |
x |
? |
? |
x |
tytär |
daughter |
|
tüttä-re |
|
< baltic
*dukter- |
x |
x |
|
|
|
|
|
tyve-n c.f. syvä |
windstill |
|
tivä < tiwä |
tiwä |
|
x |
|
|
|
x |
|
? |
tyvi |
butt; base, botom |
|
tüŋi < tüŋi |
tiŋe (tüŋe) |
|
|
|
x |
x |
|
x |
|
täht-e- |
pickings, remnant |
|
täktä < täktä |
|
|
x |
|
|
|
|
? |
|
tähti |
star; mark, sign |
34 |
täštä |
täštä |
|
x |
x |
x |
|
|
|
|
täi |
louse |
118 |
täji < täji |
täje |
|
x |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
tävy |
lung |
|
täviv < tewiw/täwiw |
täwe |
|
|
x |
|
x |
|
|
x |
täysi |
full |
|
tävdä < täwdä |
täwde |
|
x |
|
|
|
x |
x |
|
täy-ttää |
fill |
|
täwi < täwi |
|
|
x |
|
|
|
x |
x |
|
udar, utare- |
udder |
|
uta-ri |
utare |
< PIA *ū'dhar |
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
|
ui-da |
swim |
113 |
uji < uji < uxï |
uje- ~ oje- |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
ulk-o; ula- |
out; reach |
|
ul-k- |
ulk3 |
|
x |
|
|
x |
|
|
|
ulku |
pole, mast |
|
ulki < ulki < ulï |
ulke |
|
x |
x |
|
? |
x |
|
x |
uudin, uutime- |
bed curtain |
|
oodimi < oodimi |
ud3-m3 |
|
|
|
|
x |
x |
|
|
uuhi |
ewe |
|
uuči < uvi-či |
uče |
< PIE *h2oui-s 'sheep' |
|
x |
x |
x |
? |
|
|
uusi |
new |
15 |
vuďi < wuďi |
wuďe |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
x |
|
vaahtera |
maple |
|
vakšta-ri/vakšti-ri |
wakšt3re |
|
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
|
vaaksa |
span |
|
vaksa |
waksa |
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
|
|
vaara? |
hill |
108 |
vara < wårå |
|
|
x |
|
|
|
x |
|
|
vaihta-a |
(ex)change, swap,
switch |
|
vaj-eš-ta |
waj3š-ta |
|
|
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
vaimo |
wife (spirit,
soul) |
89 |
vajmi/vaima |
waim3 |
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
|
|
vaj-o-ta |
sink, droop |
|
vaja < wåjå |
waja |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
x |
|
|
vala |
oath |
|
vala |
wala |
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
|
|
valka-ma |
harbour, haven
(pour, leak) |
|
vëlka < wïlkå |
walka- |
|
x |
x |
x |
|
x |
x |
|
valke-a |
white, bright |
101 |
vëlkita < wïlki |
|
|
x |
|
x |
|
|
x |
|
vanha |
old |
133 |
vanša |
wanša |
|
|
|
|
x |
|
|
|
varis |
crow |
|
var-? < war-? < war-? |
war3 |
|
x |
x |
? |
? |
x |
? |
x |
vasa |
calf |
|
vasa <vasa |
vasa <vasa |
< PIr
(PreOssetic) *vasa |
x |
x |
|
|
|
|
|
vasara |
hammer' <
'cult. battleax' |
? |
vaśara |
? |
< PreIr
*vaźara |
x |
x |
|
|
|
|
|
vaski |
copper; metal |
|
väśkä < wäśkä < wäśkä |
waśke |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
vasta |
opposed, contra-,
anti-; not until |
|
vësta-/vasta- |
wasta |
|
x |
x |
x |
|
|
|
|
vehnä |
wheat |
|
vešnä |
wešnä |
|
|
x |
x |
?? |
|
|
|
veitsi |
knife |
|
weŋći |
wäŋć3 |
|
|
|
|
? |
x |
|
|
ven-e |
boat |
|
vene-še |
wene-še |
< PIA
*wen-e/o- cf. OInd ván- 'wood' |
x |
x |
|
|
|
|
|
ven-y-ä |
stretch (out) |
|
wene |
wene |
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
|
|
veri |
blood |
132 |
veri < weri |
wire |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
vesi |
water |
47 |
veti < weti < weti |
wete |
< PIE
*ued-(er/en-) |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
vetää |
pull |
184 |
vetä < wetä |
vetä |
< PIE *uedh-e/o- |
|
x |
x |
|
|
x |
|
vie-dä |
lead, carry, bring |
|
vixi < wixi |
wige |
? < PIE
*ueǵʰ-e/o- |
x |
x |
|
x |
? |
x |
|
viha |
hatred, hostility |
? |
viša |
|
< PI-A *dvis- |
|
|
|
x |
|
|
|
viher-/viha |
green, grow;
poison |
79 |
viša |
|
< PI-A *viša |
|
x |
x |
x |
|
? |
|
viisi |
five, 5 |
1 |
vi/iitt/ti < wi/iitt/ti < wit/tti |
witte |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
vino |
slanting, oblique,
distorted |
|
vińa |
vińa |
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
|
|
vitoo |
clean, pare, rub |
|
viča < wicå |
|
|
x |
|
|
|
x |
? |
|
voi |
butter, grease |
|
vooji < wooji |
woje |
> PIA
*aǵya- / *āǵya |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
vuo |
stream, torrent,
riverbed |
144 |
uva < uwå |
uŋa |
|
x |
|
|
|
x |
|
|
vuol-la |
to chamfer, plane |
|
vooli |
wole (woole) |
|
x |
|
|
x |
x |
|
|
vuori |
hill, mountain,
hight |
108 |
voori < woori |
wẹre |
< PIA *aras-
or *arah |
|
|
|
x |
? |
|
|
vuosi |
year |
167 |
ooti |
ode (oode) |
< PIA *vatas-
or *vatah |
x |
|
|
x |
? |
? |
|
vyö |
belt |
|
üvä < üwä < üxji |
wiŋä (wüŋä) |
|
x |
|
? |
|
|
x |
x |
väki |
force |
|
väki < wäki |
wäke??? |
|
x |
x |
x |
? |
x |
? |
|
vävy |
son-in-law |
|
väŋiv < wäŋiw < we/äŋiw |
wäŋe |
|
? |
x |
x |
? |
x |
x |
x |
ydin |
core, kernel,
nucleus |
|
vüdimi < wü/ädi/ämi |
|
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
yhdeksän |
nine (numeral 9) |
? |
ükt(-i-)teksä- |
|
< PIr *detsa-
prefixed by ükti '1' (cf. yksi) |
x |
x |
x |
|
|
|
|
yksi |
one (numeral 1) |
12 |
ükti |
ikte (ükte) |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
? |
? |
|
ylä/yli |
upper, over; past,
beyond; across |
|
üli < üli < üli |
wilä, wülä |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
? |
yö |
night |
19 |
üji < üji |
eje |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
x |
x |
|
äijä |
old man |
|
äjjä |
äje |
|
x |
|
|
x |
|
|
|
äimä |
(big) needle,
bodkin |
|
äjmä < äjmä < äjmä |
äjmä |
|
x |
|
x |
x |
|
|
x |
ääni |
sound |
|
äni < äni |
äne |
|
x |
|
|
|
|
x |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|